Beyond the Basics: What Exactly is a Dermoid Cyst?

When I talk to patients about ovarian cysts, they often ask about different "types." While most cysts we see are functional, which means they are related to the menstrual cycle, there is another type called a dermoid cyst, scientifically known as a mature cystic teratoma, that is quite unique in its structure.

If you have been diagnosed with a dermoid cyst, it is completely normal to feel confused by the term. Let’s break down exactly what this is and why it requires a different clinical approach than the functional cysts we discussed previously.

What Makes a Dermoid Cyst Unique?

To understand a dermoid cyst, you have to look at how it originates. These cysts are germ cell tumors, meaning they develop from the cells that have the potential to grow into any type of tissue in the body.

Because of this, a dermoid cyst doesn’t just contain simple fluid like a follicular cyst. Instead, it can contain a variety of tissues that are actually "normal" for your body, just in the wrong place.

Inside these cysts, we often find:

• Sebaceous, or oil-producing, glands
• Hair follicles
• Occasionally, even bits of bone, cartilage, or teeth

It sounds quite startling when you hear it for the first time, but it is important to know that the vast majority of dermoid cysts are benign, which means non-cancerous.

How Does a Dermoid Cyst Differ from a Functional Cyst?

• Origin: Unlike functional cysts, which come and go with your monthly cycle, dermoid cysts are often present from birth, though they may grow very slowly over time.
• Consistency: They do not resolve or shrink on their own through watchful waiting. Because they contain solid components like hair or bone, they will not disappear with hormonal medication or the passage of time.
• Age Factor: They are most commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, though they can be found at various stages of life.

Should You Be Concerned?

Dermoid cysts are often discovered during a routine pelvic ultrasound. They are typically slow-growing and, much like other cysts, they may remain "silent" for years.

However, we monitor them closely because they have two specific characteristics:

• Risk of Growth: As they grow, they can become heavy and cause discomfort, pelvic pressure, or bloating.
• Risk of Torsion: Because they can become bulky, there is a slightly higher risk of the ovary twisting on its blood supply. This condition is known as ovarian torsion. It is a medical emergency and can cause sudden, severe pain.

Our Approach to Treatment

Because dermoid cysts do not go away on their own and have a risk of causing complications, such as torsion or rupture, our management strategy is usually proactive.

• Surgical Removal, or Cystectomy: In most cases, we recommend removing the cyst to prevent future complications.
• Minimally Invasive Surgery: Whenever possible, I perform this using laparoscopic, or keyhole, surgery. This allows us to remove the cyst while preserving the healthy ovarian tissue. My priority is always to ensure your reproductive health is protected.

If your ultrasound report mentions a "dermoid" or "teratoma," please do not let the medical terminology cause you undue stress. These are well-understood in the field of gynecology, and we have very effective ways to manage them safely.

The most important step is to have a conversation with your gynecologist to review the size and location of the cyst and discuss the best time and method for its removal.

You are in control of your health, and having the right information is the first step toward peace of mind.

Book a consultation with Dr. Sarika Gupta to discuss the right treatment plan for dermoid cysts.